Journal: Journal of Nanobiotechnology

Article Title: Carbon quantum dots of ginsenoside Rb1 for application in a mouse model of intracerebral Hemorrhage

doi: 10.1186/s12951-024-02368-w

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effective clearance of oxygen free radicals and iron ions by RBCQDs. ( a ) FT-IR spectra of ethylenediamine (blue), ginsenoside Rb1 (black), and RBCQDs (red). XPS spectra of RBCQDs, including C1s ( b ), O1s ( c ), and N1s ( d ) exemplary spectra. The clearance rates of ABTS ( e ) and DPPH ( f ) radicals by RBCQDs and ginsenoside Rb1 at various concentrations ( n = 6/group, two-way ANOVA). ( g ) Appearance before and after RBCQDs, Fe 3+ , and RBCQDs + Fe 3+ centrifugation. ( h ) Appearance before and after centrifugation of RBCQDs, Fe 2+ , and RBCQDs + Fe 2+ . ( i ) Fluorescence intensity of RBCQDs after incubation with 0, 0.05, 0.15, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mM Fe 2+ . ( j ) Fluorescence intensity of RBCQDs after incubation with 0, 0.05, 0.15, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mM Fe 3+ . ( k ) UV absorption spectra of RBCQDs at different concentrations after incubation with Fe 2+ for 12 h. ( l ) UV absorption spectra of RBCQDs at different concentrations after incubation with Fe 3+ for 12 h

Article Snippet: Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (Nicolet iS50, Thermo Scientific) was used to investigate the infrared absorption spectra of ginsenoside Rb1, anhydrous ethylenediamine, and RBCQDs, with samples prepared using a potassium bromide pellet method.

Techniques: Centrifugation, Fluorescence, Incubation

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Ginsenoside Rb1 Blocks Ritonavir-Induced Oxidative Stress and eNOS Downregulation through Activation of Estrogen Receptor-Beta and Upregulation of SOD in Human Endothelial Cells

doi: 10.3390/ijms20020294

Figure Lengend Snippet: Chemical structures of ginsenoside Rb1 as well as natural forms of human estrogens. Ginsenoside Rb1 possesses 4 trans-ring rigid steroid skeletons with a modified side-chain at C20, C24-C25 double bound, and 4 glucose moieties. Estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), and estriol (E3) are the major naturally occurring forms of estrogens in females. Estetrol (E4) is produced only during pregnancy.

Article Snippet: Ginsenoside Rb1 (molecular weight, 1109.29, purity ≥ 98% by HPLC, white powder, soluble in water) was obtained from LKT Laboratories, Inc. (St. Paul, MN, USA).

Techniques: Modification, Produced

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Ginsenoside Rb1 Blocks Ritonavir-Induced Oxidative Stress and eNOS Downregulation through Activation of Estrogen Receptor-Beta and Upregulation of SOD in Human Endothelial Cells

doi: 10.3390/ijms20020294

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of ER-β silencing, ritonavir (RTV), and ginsenoside Rb1 on ROS levels in HUVECs. ( A ) Effect of ER-β silencing on ER-β mRNA (real time PCR). ER-β silencing was achieved with specific oligonucleatide siRNA as compared with a scramble siRNA as a negative control (100%); ( B ) Cellular glutathione (GSH) levels in HUVECs treated with control siRNA. The results of the cellular GSH assay are inversely proportional to reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Cellular glutathione levels were standardized with untreated control cells as 100%. RTV treatment decreased cellular GSH levels, indicating oxidative stress. Ginsenoside Rb1 blocked the effect of RTV in HUVECs treated with control siRNA; ( C ) Cellular glutathione (GSH) levels in HUVECs treated with ER-β siRNA. RTV treatment decreased cellular GSH levels, while ginsenoside Rb1 did not block the effect of RTV in HUVECs in which ER-β had been silenced. Student’s t -test was used to compare the control with the treated cells or between two groups. * p < 0.05. n = 3/group. siRNA (small interfering RNA).

Article Snippet: Ginsenoside Rb1 (molecular weight, 1109.29, purity ≥ 98% by HPLC, white powder, soluble in water) was obtained from LKT Laboratories, Inc. (St. Paul, MN, USA).

Techniques: Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Negative Control, Control, GSH Assay, Blocking Assay, Small Interfering RNA

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Ginsenoside Rb1 Blocks Ritonavir-Induced Oxidative Stress and eNOS Downregulation through Activation of Estrogen Receptor-Beta and Upregulation of SOD in Human Endothelial Cells

doi: 10.3390/ijms20020294

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of ER-β silencing, ritonavir (RTV), and ginsenoside Rb1 on the mRNA levels of SOD1 and SOD2 (real time PCR). ( A ) RTV treatment decreased SOD1 mRNA levels, and ginsenoside Rb1 effectively blocked this effect of RTV in HUVECs with control siRNA; ( B ) RTV treatment decreased SOD1 mRNA levels, while Rb1 did not block RTV-induced reduction of SOD1 mRNA levels in HUVECs in which ER-β had been silenced; ( C ) HCAECs were treated with ER inhibitor ICI 182780 (10 −6 M) or DMSO (negative control) for 24 h, SOD1 mRNA levels were decreased in the ICI-treated group compared with control group, showing a critical role of ER on the maintenance of SOD1 levels; ( D ) RTV treatment decreased SOD1 mRNA levels, and ginsenoside Rb1 effectively blocked this effect of RTV in HCAECs; ( E ) RTV treatment decreased SOD2 mRNA levels, and ginsenoside Rb1 effectively blocked this effect of RTV in HCAECs. Student’s t -test was used to compare the control with the treated groups or between two groups. n = 3, * p < 0.05.

Article Snippet: Ginsenoside Rb1 (molecular weight, 1109.29, purity ≥ 98% by HPLC, white powder, soluble in water) was obtained from LKT Laboratories, Inc. (St. Paul, MN, USA).

Techniques: Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Control, Blocking Assay, Negative Control

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Ginsenoside Rb1 Blocks Ritonavir-Induced Oxidative Stress and eNOS Downregulation through Activation of Estrogen Receptor-Beta and Upregulation of SOD in Human Endothelial Cells

doi: 10.3390/ijms20020294

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of ER-β silencing, ritonavir (RTV), and ginsenoside Rb1 on the mRNA levels of eNOS in HUVECs (real time PCR). ( A ) eNOS mRNA levels in HUVECs treated with control siRNA. RTV treatment decreased eNOS mRNA levels, and ginsenoside Rb1 effectively blocked this effect of RTV in HUVECs with control siRNA; ( B ) eNOS mRNA levels in HUVECs treated with ER-β siRNA. RTV treatment decreased eNOS mRNA levels, while Rb1 did not block RTV-induced reduction of eNOS mRNA levels in HUVECs with ER-β silencing. Student’s t -test was used to compare the control with the treated groups or between two groups. * p < 0.05. n = 3/group. eNOS (endothelial nitric oxide synthase); HUVECs (human umbilical vein endothelial cells); siRNA (small interfering RNA); PCR (polymerase chain reaction).

Article Snippet: Ginsenoside Rb1 (molecular weight, 1109.29, purity ≥ 98% by HPLC, white powder, soluble in water) was obtained from LKT Laboratories, Inc. (St. Paul, MN, USA).

Techniques: Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Control, Blocking Assay, Small Interfering RNA, Polymerase Chain Reaction

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Ginsenoside Rb1 Blocks Ritonavir-Induced Oxidative Stress and eNOS Downregulation through Activation of Estrogen Receptor-Beta and Upregulation of SOD in Human Endothelial Cells

doi: 10.3390/ijms20020294

Figure Lengend Snippet: Estrogen receptor (ER) competitor assay. ( A ) Principle of the assay (Invitrogen kit); ( B ) Ginsenoside Rb1 binding assay. E2 was used as a positive control. ER-β binding data were standardized with the untreated control group as 1. Student’s t -test was used to compare the control with the treated groups or between two groups. * p < 0.05. n = 3/group. Three concentrations of Rb1 showed effective binding capability to ER-β. E2 (estradiol).

Article Snippet: Ginsenoside Rb1 (molecular weight, 1109.29, purity ≥ 98% by HPLC, white powder, soluble in water) was obtained from LKT Laboratories, Inc. (St. Paul, MN, USA).

Techniques: Binding Assay, Positive Control, Control

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Ginsenoside Rb1 Blocks Ritonavir-Induced Oxidative Stress and eNOS Downregulation through Activation of Estrogen Receptor-Beta and Upregulation of SOD in Human Endothelial Cells

doi: 10.3390/ijms20020294

Figure Lengend Snippet: Direct effect of ginsenoside Rb1 and diarylpropionitrile (DPN) on ER-β activation in 293T cells. ER-β cDNA plasmid and ERE-Firefly luciferase reporter plasmid as well as Renilla luciferase reporter plasmid were co-transfected into 293T cells. ERE-Firefly Luciferase activities were normalized with internal control of Renilla luciferase activities. Ginsenoside Rb1 or/and DPN activated ER-β and reporter gene expression in 293T cells, indicating that both Rb1 and DPN can directly activate ER-β for a genomic response. ER-β activation data were standardized with the untreated control group as 1. Student’s t -test was used to compare the control with the treated group or between two groups. * p < 0.05. n = 3/group. ER-β (estrogen receptor β); DPN (specific ER-β activator); ERE (estrogen responsive element); 293T cells (cell line derived from human embryonic kidney cells).

Article Snippet: Ginsenoside Rb1 (molecular weight, 1109.29, purity ≥ 98% by HPLC, white powder, soluble in water) was obtained from LKT Laboratories, Inc. (St. Paul, MN, USA).

Techniques: Activation Assay, Plasmid Preparation, Luciferase, Transfection, Control, Gene Expression, Derivative Assay

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Ginsenoside Rb1 Blocks Ritonavir-Induced Oxidative Stress and eNOS Downregulation through Activation of Estrogen Receptor-Beta and Upregulation of SOD in Human Endothelial Cells

doi: 10.3390/ijms20020294

Figure Lengend Snippet: Conclusion of the current study. The current study demonstrates that ritonavir (RTV), an HAART drug, can cause oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction by increase of ROS production and decrease of expression of SOD1, SOD2 and eNOS in human endothelial cells. Thus, RTV-induced oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction could contribute to cardiovascular disease. On the other hand, ginsenoside Rb1 can effectively block the effects of RTV via a unique mechanism by which Rb1 specifically binds to and activates ER-β and induces upregulation of SOD1, SOD2 and eNOS in human endothelial cells. Rb1 can also directly scavenge ROS.

Article Snippet: Ginsenoside Rb1 (molecular weight, 1109.29, purity ≥ 98% by HPLC, white powder, soluble in water) was obtained from LKT Laboratories, Inc. (St. Paul, MN, USA).

Techniques: Expressing, Blocking Assay

Journal: Oncology Letters

Article Title: Effects of compound K, an enteric microbiome metabolite of ginseng, in the treatment of inflammation associated colon cancer

doi: 10.3892/ol.2018.8414

Figure Lengend Snippet: Biotransformation of ginsenoside Rb1 to compound K by human enteric microflora. Liquid chromatography quadruple time-of-flight-MS data are shown in (A-F). (A) Total ion chromatography of American ginseng extract, in which Rb1 occupies the highest peak. (B) TIC of biotransformed American ginseng sample, in which compound K is one of the identified main metabolites. (C) EIC of Rb1 in biotransformed sample with a narrow window of 0.01 Da. (D) EIC of compound K with a narrow window of 0.01 Da. (E) MS/MS spectra of Rb1, and (F) MS/MS spectra of compound K. (G) Proposed metabolic pathways via gut microflora from Rb1 to compound K. EIC, extracted ion chromatogram; MS, mass spectrometry; TIC, total ion chromatography.

Article Snippet: Reference compounds including ginsenoside Rb1 and compound K were obtained from Indofine Chemical Company (Somerville, NJ, USA) and ChromaDex Inc. (Irvine, CA, USA), respectively, whose purities were more than 98% determined by HPLC-DAD.

Techniques: Liquid Chromatography, Ion Chromatography, Tandem Mass Spectroscopy, Mass Spectrometry

Journal: Oncology Letters

Article Title: Effects of compound K, an enteric microbiome metabolite of ginseng, in the treatment of inflammation associated colon cancer

doi: 10.3892/ol.2018.8414

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of Rb1 and compound K on cell proliferation in HCT-116 and HT-29 human colorectal cancer cell lines. Concentration-associated antiproliferative effects of Rb1 and compound K on (A) HCT-116 cells and (B) HT-29 cells for 6 h. Time-associated antiproliferative effects of Rb1 on (C) HCT-116 cells and (D) HT-29 cells, and the counterpart of compound K on (E) HCT-116 cells and (F) HT-29 cells. *P<0.05 and **P<0.01 vs. control (0 µm).

Article Snippet: Reference compounds including ginsenoside Rb1 and compound K were obtained from Indofine Chemical Company (Somerville, NJ, USA) and ChromaDex Inc. (Irvine, CA, USA), respectively, whose purities were more than 98% determined by HPLC-DAD.

Techniques: Concentration Assay, Control

Journal: Oncology Letters

Article Title: Effects of compound K, an enteric microbiome metabolite of ginseng, in the treatment of inflammation associated colon cancer

doi: 10.3892/ol.2018.8414

Figure Lengend Snippet: Cell cycle analysis of HCT-116 and HT-29 cells using flow cytometry. Following treatment with Rb1 or compound K for 48 h on HC-116 cells and Rb1 or compound K for 48 h on HT-29 cells, all of the colorectal cancer cells were stained with propidium iodide. (A) Typical cell cycle profiles and (B) interpretation of data. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error of triplicate experiments. *P<0.05 and **P<0.01, vs. control. C-K, compound K.

Article Snippet: Reference compounds including ginsenoside Rb1 and compound K were obtained from Indofine Chemical Company (Somerville, NJ, USA) and ChromaDex Inc. (Irvine, CA, USA), respectively, whose purities were more than 98% determined by HPLC-DAD.

Techniques: Cell Cycle Assay, Flow Cytometry, Staining, Control

Journal: Oncology Letters

Article Title: Effects of compound K, an enteric microbiome metabolite of ginseng, in the treatment of inflammation associated colon cancer

doi: 10.3892/ol.2018.8414

Figure Lengend Snippet: Apoptosis assay using flow cytometry following staining with Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/PI. HCT-116 and HT-29 cells were treated with Rb1 (40 and 80 µM) and compound K for 48 h. (A) Representative scatter plots of PI (y-axis) vs. Annexin V (x-axis). (B) Percentage of viable, early apoptotic and late apoptotic cells. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error of triplicate experiments. **P<0.01 vs. control. PI, propidium iodide; C-K, compound K.

Article Snippet: Reference compounds including ginsenoside Rb1 and compound K were obtained from Indofine Chemical Company (Somerville, NJ, USA) and ChromaDex Inc. (Irvine, CA, USA), respectively, whose purities were more than 98% determined by HPLC-DAD.

Techniques: Apoptosis Assay, Flow Cytometry, Staining, Control

Journal: Oncology Letters

Article Title: Effects of compound K, an enteric microbiome metabolite of ginseng, in the treatment of inflammation associated colon cancer

doi: 10.3892/ol.2018.8414

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of Rb1 and Compound K on inflammatory cytokine IL-8 secretion in human colorectal cancer cell lines. The anti-inflammatory effects of (A) Rb1 and (B) compound K on HT-29 cells for 6 and 12 h. *P<0.05 and **P<0.01 vs. control (0 µm). IL, interleukin.

Article Snippet: Reference compounds including ginsenoside Rb1 and compound K were obtained from Indofine Chemical Company (Somerville, NJ, USA) and ChromaDex Inc. (Irvine, CA, USA), respectively, whose purities were more than 98% determined by HPLC-DAD.

Techniques: Control

Journal: Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Article Title: Ginseng berry aqueous extract prevents scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice

doi: 10.3892/etm.2019.8090

Figure Lengend Snippet: GBE protects HT-22 cells from oxidative stress. (A) Ginsenoside Re in GBE was quantified using a high-performance liquid chromatography. (B) Cell viability assay. HT-22 cells were treated with GBE (0.01–100 µg/ml) for 72 h. Relative cell viability was determined using the EZ-Cytox cell viability assay kit. (C, D) After HT-22 cells were pretreated with GBE (0.01–100 µg/ml) for 0.5 h, the cells were further exposed to (C) 5 mM glutamate or (D) 500 µM H 2 O 2 for 12 h. All values are expressed as the mean ± SD of 6 independent experiments. **P<0.01 vs. vehicle-treated control; ## P<0.01, # P<0.05 vs. glutamate- or H 2 O 2 -treated cells. GBE, ginseng berry aqueous extract; Glu, glutamate; N.S., not significant; SD, standard deviation.

Article Snippet: Ginsenoside Re was purchased from ChemFaces (Wuhan, China).

Techniques: High Performance Liquid Chromatography, Viability Assay, Control, Standard Deviation

Journal:

Article Title: Detection of Adulteration of Notoginseng Root Extract with Other Panax Species by Quantitative HPLC Coupled with PCA

doi: 10.1021/jf803320d

Figure Lengend Snippet: Typical chromatograms of extracts from (A) the root and (B) leaf of Panax notoginseng; (C) the root and (D) leaf of Panax ginseng; and (E) the root and (F) leaf of Panax quinquefolius; a mixture of Panax notoginseng root with (G) Panax ginseng root and (H) leaf. Saponin peaks: notoginsenoside R1 (1), and ginsenosides Rg1 (2), Re (3), Rh1 (4), Rg2 (5), 20R-Rg2 (6), Rb1 (7), Rc (8), Rb2 (9), Rb3 (10), Rd (11), and Rg3 (12).

Article Snippet: Standards for ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, and Rg1 were obtained from Indofine Chemical Company (Somerville, NJ); ginsenosides Rb3, Rg2, 20 R -Rg2, Rg3, Rh1, and notoginsenoside R1 were obtained from the Delta Information Center for Natural Organic Compounds (Xuancheng, Anhui, China).

Techniques:

Journal:

Article Title: Detection of Adulteration of Notoginseng Root Extract with Other Panax Species by Quantitative HPLC Coupled with PCA

doi: 10.1021/jf803320d

Figure Lengend Snippet: Typical Saponin Content in Panax Extracts (mg/g)

Article Snippet: Standards for ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, and Rg1 were obtained from Indofine Chemical Company (Somerville, NJ); ginsenosides Rb3, Rg2, 20 R -Rg2, Rg3, Rh1, and notoginsenoside R1 were obtained from the Delta Information Center for Natural Organic Compounds (Xuancheng, Anhui, China).

Techniques:

Journal:

Article Title: Detection of Adulteration of Notoginseng Root Extract with Other Panax Species by Quantitative HPLC Coupled with PCA

doi: 10.1021/jf803320d

Figure Lengend Snippet: Principal component analysis (PCA) plots with (A) principal components 1 and 2 and (B) principal components 1 and 3, using contents of 12 saponins as input data. The 12 saponins are notoginsenoside R1, ginsenosides Rg1, Re, Rh1, Rg2, 20R-Rg2, Rb1, Rc, Rb2, Rb3, Rd and Rg3. The group numbers of Panax extracts are listed in Table 1.

Article Snippet: Standards for ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, and Rg1 were obtained from Indofine Chemical Company (Somerville, NJ); ginsenosides Rb3, Rg2, 20 R -Rg2, Rg3, Rh1, and notoginsenoside R1 were obtained from the Delta Information Center for Natural Organic Compounds (Xuancheng, Anhui, China).

Techniques:

Journal:

Article Title: Detection of Adulteration of Notoginseng Root Extract with Other Panax Species by Quantitative HPLC Coupled with PCA

doi: 10.1021/jf803320d

Figure Lengend Snippet: Principal component analysis (PCA) plots with (A) principal components 1 and 2 and (B) principal components 1 and 3, using contents of 8 saponins as input data. The 8 saponins are notoginsenoside R1, ginsenosides Rg1, Re, Rb1, Rc, Rb2, Rb3 and Rd. The group numbers of Panax extracts are listed in Table 1. Arrows indicate groups 7, 8 and 9 were extracted from mixed plant parts.

Article Snippet: Standards for ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, and Rg1 were obtained from Indofine Chemical Company (Somerville, NJ); ginsenosides Rb3, Rg2, 20 R -Rg2, Rg3, Rh1, and notoginsenoside R1 were obtained from the Delta Information Center for Natural Organic Compounds (Xuancheng, Anhui, China).

Techniques: